Rachel Lacy, an accredited York tour guide, has spent years collecting information and trivia about York (and the occasional piece from further a field that has appeared in the local papers). Please note that some of it is meant to be tongue-in-cheek. This is just a small beginning, much more will be added to it over time.

71-627 AD	ROMAN & SUB-ROMAN ERA YORK IS KNOWN AS EBORACUM
71	Accepted date for the founding of Eboracum by the Romans. Modern research backs the theory that it was actually built several years earlier: other settlements have been found further north which pre-date 71, and as the Romans built as they travelled north, it would imply that York must already have been in existance. Also, a coin was found in an excavation of a Roman barrack in York (Blake Street) dating to the reign of Nero. He died in 68, and his coins would have been immediately withdrawn from circulation - although there is a chance they were still circulating after his death for a short while, they wouldn't have been around for another three years.
145	April 11: Birth of Septimius Severus in Africa, he died in Eboracum in 211. He was an intimate of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, both of whom were portrayed in the film Gladiator.
272	February 27: Birth of Constantine the First/Great, the first Christian emperor of Rome (declared in 306 AD in York by his soldiers, he didn't take his title until 15 years later due to there being two other people being declared emperor at the same time) and founder of Constantinople. He was appointed emperor while in York and is given credit for the earliest known evidence of Christianity in this city, converting on his deathbed. His mother was St Helena, a tavern keeper's daughter and initially his father's concubine although he did later marry - then divorce - her. His father was Constantius Chlorus, and it has been claimed that the Sepulchre of Constantius was found underneath the church of St Helen's-on-the-Wall. It was against the inside of the bar walls on Aldwark between Goodramgate and the end of St Andrewgate and an old legend claimed that it was built by Constantine, dedicated to his mother, and housed his fathers ashes (or body, depending on which book you read) in a catacomb. There was also a lantern in the catacomb which "never went out" from the day of internment until it was discovered centuries later.
c485	Possible birth date of St Sampson, who has a church dedicated to him in York. It is only one of a few dedicated to him worldwide, and is one of the few York church dedicated to an Early British saint (pre-597).

627-867	ANGLICAN ERA YORK IS KNOWN AS EOFORWIC
634	Siege of Eoforwic.
669	Wilfrid became Bishop of Eoforwic.
c735	Birth of Alcuin, in Northumbria, educated at and later Master of the Cathedral School in York. Wrote about York and its history in verse.
759	Oswald (Bishop of Eoforwic) killed.
764	Disastrous fire at Eoforwic.
779	Ethelred I (Bishop of Eoforwic) deposed, but later restored.
788	Ethelred I deposed.
789	Ethelred I restored.
794	Ethelred I deposed and executed.
844	Ethelred II (Bishop of Eoforwic) deposed and restored.

867-1075	DANISH ERA YORK IS KNOWN AS JORVIK
867	The Battle of York: the city switched from Anglican to Danish rule.
869	Danes returned to York from Nottingham.
894	York Danes aided Hastings against Wessex.
940	Deposed Viking King of Norway, Eric Haraldsson, became King of York. He was known as Eric Bloodaxe either because of his violent reputation, or because he killed seven of his eight half-brothers (they had been foolish enough to rebel against him). One of the bloodiest figures in York's bloody history.
944	Anlaf Curan, King of York, was banished from the city.
954	Eric Bloodaxe expelled from York, and later murdered.
969	Thanet ravaged for plundering a York ship.
1024	Earl Eric of Yorkshire banished.
1054	Earl Siward led an army against Macbeth.
1064	Earl Tostig murdered Gamel and Ulf at York.
1066	The Battle of Fulford: on September 20 former Vikings, now settled in the city, under Earls Edwin and Morca lost to a Viking and rebel army under Harold Hardrada and Tostig. The exact location of the battle isn't known, as the only account is in the Saxon Chronicles. The markers in it, namely the River Ouse, a local beck, and a rise, don't fit in with the site commonly thought to be the battlefield, nor is there a wealth of archaeology to back this. The local watercourse has been assumed to be Germany Beck: if, instead, it is the beck which crosses Walmgate Stray, then it fits in with the description but would move the battlesite closer to the city. There has also been a theory put forwards that there wasn't a battle, with it being Viking against Viking, and instead when faced with their Saxon overlord, Harold Godwinson, the wiley York Vikings claimed they had lost a fight so it didn't look like they had sided with the now-losers.
	The Battle of Stamford Bridge: on September 25 Harold Hardrada and Tostig lost to Earl Harold Godwinson, who then had to head south to Hastings to face William the Conqueror. Stamford Bridge didn't exist at the time and there is some doubt over the exact location of the battlefield, also the story of an immensly tall Viking holding a bridge, until somebody floated below him in a boat and pushed a sword up through the slats and in to him, is also most likely a myth.

1066-1087	WILLIAM I HOUSE OF NORMANDY
1068	Work begins on what is now known as Clifford's Tower.
1069	An insurrection led to the Minster burning down, including the library, which contained priceless works at the time including some by Pliny.An insurrection led to the Minster burning down, including the library, which contained priceless works at the time including some by Pliny.
	York was retaken by English and Danes. William I bought off the Danes, recaptured York then laid waste to Yorkshire.

1087-1100	WILLIAM II (WILLIAM RUFUS)  HOUSE OF NORMANDY

1100-1135	HENRY I HOUSE OF NORMANDY

1135-1141 & 1141-1154	STEPHEN HOUSE OF NORMANDY
1138	The Battle of the Standard: on August 22 the English, possibly led by Walter d’Espec, Sheriff of York, faced the Scots led by King David at Northallerton. The Scots lost many men, the English only lost one noble in the skirmish, Walter de Lacy, from Pontefract Castle.
1149	York placed under three years’ Interdict.
	King Stephen visits York.

1141	MATILDA HOUSE OF NORMANDY

1154-1189	HENRY II HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

1189-1199	RICHARD I HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

1199-1216	JOHN HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

1216-1272	HENRY III HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

1272-1307	EDWARD I HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET
c1280	Walter Fleming, a York merchant, had £44 of goods taken from a ship near Dulwich, by armed pirates in the service of the Counts of Holland and Zeeland. As no redress could be obtained, the bailiffs of Boston were ordered to seize goods from Dutch ships there discharging, to the value of £30, and the bailiffs of Waynfleet to act similarly to the value of £14.

1307-1327	EDWARD II HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET
1310	Joan de Saxton received a “severe penance” at St Clement’s Nunnery, the nature of her misdemeanour not being stated but the punishment was. She was not allowed out of the cloister of the nunnery, forbidden to hold any conventual office, and only allowed friends to visit her once a year, and then only with the Prioress present.
1319	The Battle of Myton (also called The White Battle or The Chapter of Myton because of the number of English clergy involved): on September 20 a Scots army, comprising of battle-hardened vetrans, slaughtered the York militia. The fit and able men of the city were away fighting for Edward I at Berwick-upon-Tweed against the main Scots army, so when a small Scots force, led by Earl of Moray/Lord James Douglas, burnt the suburbs of the city, it was left to Mayor Nicholas Fleming along with the Archbishop of York and the Bishop of Ely to raise a force. Their 'army' consisted of clergy, monks, canons, other churchmen, farm labourers, artificers and tradesmen. The Scots caught them in a loop of the river Swale, blinded them with smoke from burning straw then cut them down. There were so many dead that the river Ouse, in to which the Swale flows, even as far downstream as York ran red with the blood of the dead. Nicholas Fleming died that day, his body being brought back to York to be buried in a churchyard between Lendal and Blake Street: a plaque to him is fixed to a wall on Lendal next to the Judges' Lodging.
c1320	The ship La Marie of York, valued at £160, belonging to William de Quixley, merchant, and having William de Roucliffe as master, was laden at York with fifty tuns of the king’s wine valued at £300, and other goods; and also having on board £20 sterling belonging to Quixley. She was on a voyage to Berwick, and whilst passing Ravenscar was attacked by a ship belonging to the Count of Flanders. The pirates seized La Marie, slew her crew, and carried off ship and cargo. The Count was appealed to, but did nothing. King Edward therefore ordered the bailiffs of Ravenscar and Scarborough to seize £60 worth of the Count’s goods (which were evidently lying at these ports) towards making good the loss.

1327-1377	EDWARD III HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

1377-1399	RICHARD II HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET
1377	April 19: Scarborough attacked by pirates. The "Scotch freebooter by the name of Mercer" was held in the castle after he was captured at sea by several northern ships. His son organised a rescue with Scottish, French and Spanish ships which carried away several merchant ships lying in the port. These ships were only defeated when a London merchant, Alderman Philpot, resenting this afront to the national dignity equipped his own fleet to chase them off. This they did, with a "glorious victory" at Hayburn Wyke, the recovery of all the Scarborough vessels and the capture of 15 Spanish ships laden with rich marchandise. (Reported in the Yorkshire Evening Press in 1904 on the anniversary).
1379	York Tyburn erected.

1399-1413	HENRY IV HOUSE OF LANCASTER

1413-1422	HENRY V HOUSE OF LANCASTER

1422-1461	HENRY VI HOUSE OF LANCASTER
1452	Birth of Richard III, who boosted the fortunes of York by furthering its causes and giving tax relief - don't believe everything Shakespeare said, he was employed by the opposition! Richard III's surviving suit of armour wouldn't have fitted the deformed man he was later portrayed to be. It's also worth noting that as a member of the House of York his family were originally based at Ludlow, as York was the Lancastrian stronghold. The city had fallen out of favour with the previous king, his brother Edward IV, after his first visit here. Edward was not overly impressed to find his father and older brother's heads still stuck on Micklegate Bar, a relic from the rule of the House of Lancaster - who were based in York.
1461	The Battle of Towton: on Palm Sunday (March 29) the Yorkists beat the Lancastrians in what was thought to be the largest, longest and bloodiest battle fought on English soil. The later claim that "Cock Beck ran red with blood" is now disputed - the phrase may have already been used for a much earlier battle on the same site.

1461-1470 1471-1483	EDWARD IV HOUSE OF YORK

1483	EDWARD V HOUSE OF LANCASTER

1483-1485	RICHARD III HOUSE OF YORK
1485	Death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field (see 1452).

1485-1509	HENRY VII HOUSE OF TUDOR
1489	Fishergate gateway in the Bar Walls was damaged by rioters, and spent the next four centuries sealed up. Prior to this it had a superstructure and portcullis, and possibly also a barbican. Walmgate Bar was damaged at the same time, by fire.
1490	The Red Tower was added to the Bar Walls. In the early 18th century it was in a bad state of repair, and so it was patched up to be used as a stable. It is built of red brick rather than stone as the stones would have been too heavy for the marshy ground, with the depth of the walls reaching four feet in places.
c1500	Fishergate Tower and Postern were added to the Bar Walls.

1509-1547	HENRY VIII HOUSE OF TUDOR

1547-1553	EDWARD VI HOUSE OF TUDOR
1553	The chain which ran from Davy Tower (named after John Davy, who lived there during the 1420s), Hyngbrig Tower on the other side of the river Ouse, was removed. The tower was allegedly used as a brothel during the seventeenth century, before being incorporated in to the "elegant residential terrace" on Tower Place, overlooking Tower Gardens, in the 1820s.

1553	LADY JANE GREY HOUSE OF TUDOR

1553-1558

MARY I HOUSE OF TUDOR

1556

Birth of St Margaret Clitherow. Wife of a Shambles butcher, she was pressed to death in 1586 in an attempt to get her to plead to the charge of sheltering Roman Catholic priests, but they overdid it and she died from the torture. The house in Shambles is the wrong one - butchers lived on the other side of the street, and according to documents from the case the priests escaped by running over the roof of the sheep pens, which backed on to Colliergate. Her hand, or possibly somebody else's hand mistaken for hers, is kept in the Bar Convent Museum. The RC church recognise the property now occupied by Past Images as her home, it has a huge fireplace in the back room with a priest hole off it. In 1953 the council had the opportunity to use an empty building in Shambles as a permanent shrine to her. It was pointed out by one councillor that it was the wrong building, but the council decided to carry on with the plan anyway, as it was the one commonly held to be her home by many local people.

1558-1603	ELIZABETH I HOUSE OF TUDOR
1570	Birth of Guye Fawkes behind Stonegate/Guy Fawkes' Hotel (the house he was born in has long since been demolished but was somewhere behind the two), he was baptised a Protestant at St Michael le Belfrey church in 1570, later converting to Catholicism. He went to St Peter's School when it was still in Horsefair, before moving away from York. He is known for his part in the Gunpowder Plot; after he was caught under the House of Commons he held out under torture until he thought the other plotters had escaped. There is now a school of thought that the plot had long since been uncovered, but the arrest was left until the last possible moment to garner sympathy for an unloved monarch, namely James I.
1586	St George's Church, Bean Hill, was pulled down. The churchyard, used for the burials of some of the criminals executed at York Tyburn, is still there next door to Tramways WMC - it was used long after the church went, including for one Richard Turpin (allegedly - see 1739).
1593	April 13: Birth of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. His ghost haunts King's Manor on the stroke of midnight of Hallowe'en, allegedly. He was based there during the English Civil War as part of the King's Council of the North, an honour for which he was later executed.

1603-1625	JAMES I HOUSE OF STUART
1606	Birth of Sir Thomas Herbert, in The Herbert House on Pavement (or the previous house on this site, the building date is around the time of his birth). There is a second Herbert's House on High Petergate where he was known to have lived in later years. The one on Pavement belonged to his father Christopher, Thomas eventually moving out and in to the property behind it which fronted on to Lady Peckett's Yard. Thomas Herbert was a Parliamentarian who was appointed as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Charles I whilst he was in captivity. Herbert's account of the last two years of Charles' life would imply that he had become a staunch supporter of the doomed monarch, however some people dismiss this as his way to curry favour after the Restoration and in doing so saving his own head. Charles I held Herbert in some esteem, giving him his silver watch, the cloak he wore on to the scaffold, and some books including Charles's Shakespeare folio.
1612	January 17: Birth of Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, known as Black Tom. Although he fought for Parliament (and was Commander-in-Chief of Cromwell's New Model Army) during the English Civil War, his actions after the end of the Siege of York saved the city - and especially the Minster - from being sacked. The city owes much of its beautiful stained glass to Fairfax's efforts.January 17: Birth of Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, known as Black Tom. Although he fought for Parliament (and was Commander-in-Chief of Cromwell's New Model Army) during the English Civil War, his actions after the end of the Siege of York saved the city - and especially the Minster - from being sacked. The city owes much of its beautiful stained glass to Fairfax's efforts.

1625-1649	CHARLES I HOUSE OF STUART
1636	Birth of John Nevison, also known as William Nevison, John William Nevison or Swift Nick. A notorious highwayman, the ride later attributed to Dick Turpin, from London to York, was thought to be his (although some people now think it was Samuel Nicks). Nevison had allegedly not used violence against his victims until 1676, when he either murdered a man or robbed one and raped a woman, who recognised him. He fled from Rochester, where the acts were committed, to York in one day, shaking the hand of the Lord Mayor of York on the bowling green which is still visible in the Museum Gardens. Thus he established an alibi as it wasn't believed that anybody could have ridden that distance in one day. He was acquited, but returning to his profession he was caught, found guilty and transported, before returning and being caught a second time. This time he was charged with murder, for which he was executed. He is reportedly buried in a churchyard in Haxby, just outside of York, and also at St Mary's Church, Castlegate. There is now a theory that he was actually a woman in disguise.
1641	Execution of Thomas Wentworth, to which Charles I gave his assent, but later appeared to regret it.
1644	April 22-July 16: Siege of York. York held for the king, and so was besieged by Parliamentarian and Scottish forces.
	During the siege, 40 mortar shells were shot off in one barrage by the Parliamentarian cannons on Lamel Hill. The majority of them fell in to the River Foss, but one of them reached as far in to the city as the Thursday Market (now St Sampson's Square). A "maide" was killed by it, with a shell from it landing in the Writing Masters Chambers of Master Clerke, breaking a spar which deposited two ling on the near 80-year-old Mistress Clarke, knocking her under a table and leaving a scar on her persons.
	The Battle of Marston Moor: on July 2 the Royalists, who had been garrisoning York, were defeated by the Parliamentarians in the bloodiest battle of the English Civil War. For more information visit the Battle of Marston Moor page on Sir Thomas Glemham's website.
	Executed at York Tyburn: Amos Lawson, 34, a native of Huddersfield, for highway robbery. "Thousands attended to witness his dying struggles, and Knavesmire resembled more a fair for business and pleasure than a place of execution."
1646	March 31: executed at York Tyburn: Thomas Empson, 27, a native of Sheffield; John Dove, 23, a native of Halifax; Joseph Dunning, 31, a native of Leeds; Thomas Robinson, 22, a native of Bradford; and John Robinson, 30, a native of Bradford, for highway robbery.
1648	August 13: executed at St Leonard's Gallows (Green Dykes): Ebenezer Moor, 39, a native of Boroughbridge, and "notorious highwayman," for shooting Thomas Kent, farmer, upon Barnby Moor.

1649-1660	THE COMMONWEALTH, INTERREGNUM or CROMWELLIAN ERA, consisting of OLIVER CROMWELL (1653-1658) and RICHARD CROMWELL (1658-1659)

1660-1685	CHARLES II HOUSE OF STUART
1664	January 24: baptism of John Vanbrugh, architect and dramatist responsible for, amongst other things, Castle Howard. He married Henrietta Yarborough of Heslington Hall in 1719, at St Lawrence's Church in York.
1679	Occupants of Davy Hall were in trouble as craftsmen there were selling “undressed and ill tanned leather” from a “poor class” of artisan.

1685-1688

JAMES II HOUSE OF STUART

1687

March 7: Sir John Reresby's Diary reveals York's sensible attitude to witches (few were persecuted in the city): "I removed with my family to York, the Assizes having begun there upon the 5th. A poor old woman had the hard fate to be condemned for a witch. Some that were more apt to believe these things than I, thought the evidence strong against her, the boy that said he was bewitched falling into fits before the bench when he saw her, and then on a sudden coming to himself, and relating very distinctly the several injuries she had done to him. But in all this it was observed that the boy had no distortion, no foaming at the mouth, nor did his fits leave him gradually, but all of a sudden; so that the judge thought fit to reprieve her. "However, it is just to relate the following odd story. "One of my soldiers being upon the guard at eleven o’clock at night at Clifford’s Tower gate the night the witch was arraigned, hearing a great noise at the Castle, came to the porch, and being there, he saw a scroll of paper creep from under the door, which, as he imagined by moonshine, turned first into the shape of a monkey, then of a turkey cock, which moved to and from by him; whereupon he went to the gaol and called the under gaoler, who came and saw the scroll dance up and down and creep under the door, where there was scarce room of the thickness of half a crown. This I had from the mouth both of the soldier and gaoler."

1689-1694 1689-1702	MARY I & WILLIAM III HOUSE OF STUART
1696	Birth of Francis Drake, author of Eboracum, one of the seminal works on York.

1702-1707	ANNE HOUSE OF STUART
1703	First stage coach from York to London.

1707-1727	GEORGE I HOUSE OF HANOVER
1719 (1718 OS)	Grace White started publishing the York Mercury newspaper on February 23, from a premise in Coffee Yard, between Stonegate and Grape Lane.
1721	The York Mercury passed to Grace White's step-grandson, Charles Bourne.
1723	Yorkshire was gripped in a severe drought. In York the water in the river was so low for a time that the base of the middle arch of Ouse Bridge was left high and dry for several yards round. It was believed that the river was fordable at this time.
	In August, John White (Snr), Charles Bourne's uncle, started the York Courant in Stonegate, near St Helen’s Church.
1724	The York Mercury passed to Charles Bourne's widow, Alice Guy. On November 11 it changed name to The Original York Journal or Weekly Courant after the York Courant came out. On December 10, Alice married Thomas Gent.

1727-1760	GEORGE II HOUSE OF HANOVER
1735	Alexander Staples took over the York Courant from his print works on Coney Street, opposite St Martin’s Church.
1739	April 7: Dick Turpin was executed. He wasn't a dashing anti-hero, he wasn't good-looking, he wasn't a gentleman highwayman, he didn't have a horse called Black Bess and he didn't make the legendary run from London to York. He was hanged at York Tyburn (next to the Racecourse), having been incarcarated in what is now York Castle Museum; he was laid out in the cellar of the Little John pub (at the time it was the Blue Boar), and there's a memorial to him as John Palmer/Dick Turpin in St George's churchyard. He was supposedly re-buried in lime to prevent thefts, as graverobbers did took his body just after burial, dumping him in a garden behind Castlegate House. In fact, there's no proof Turpin was even buried there: the parish records don't have him under either name as being buried in the graveyard, the original stone having just two letters and two numbers on it. Black Bess is not buried there either.
1740	The York Mercury went out of production.
	On June 17, Caesar Ward took over the York Courant.
	On November 26, John Jackson started printing the Yorkshire Gazetteer in Petergate.
1744	Davy Hall was pulled down and the Turkish Baths were built in its place, which were also eventually closed down - after it became famous for its prostitutes.
1751	John Gilfillan started printing the York Journal, also known as the Protestant Courant.
1754	The now defunct Leeds Mercury transfered its goodwill to the York Courant.
1759	Anne Ward, Caesar Ward’s widow, took over the York Courant.

1760-1820	GEORGE III HOUSE OF HANOVER
1762	June 15: Louis Eudes, a French prisoner, and Elizabeth Claxton, Spinster, were married at Holy Trinity Church, King's Square. (Spinster was the title for a woman supporting herself by her own means, such as spinning wool, not just unmarried women: a widow could also be a spinster.)
1764	Birth of John Goodricke, the astronomer who observed the stars from the Treasurer's House in York. Profoundly deaf for most of his life, he died tragically young aged just 21.
1772	On December 18 Christopher Ethrington started publishing the York Chronicle from his print works in Coppergate. It was issued on Fridays.
1777	In the midst of the American War, a press-gang came to York. The presence of these men provoked much indignation amongst the poorer classes of citizens. The Lord Mayor received an anonymous letter, bearing the York post-mark, threatening that if the press-gang was not sent from the city, his lordship's own private residence, and the Mansion House also, would be burned to the ground. The Corporation responded by offering a hundred guineas reward for the discovery of the sender. The writer wasn't found, nor were any buildings burnt to the ground in protest.
	The York Chronicle became The York Chronicle & Northern Standard under William Blansherd & Co. It featured the ‘Grantham Newshound’.
1778	Thomas Gent dies on May 19.
1784	The York Chronicle issue date changed to Thursdays.
1787	Birth of Willam Etty, York-born painter most famous for his nudes. He is credited with saving Bootham Bar and the stretch of the Bar Walls running from there to Robin Hood's Tower (Lord Mayor's Walk) from demolition in Victorian times, however he was the figurehead of a campaign organised by lesser-known locals.
1788	The York Courant moved across the street to what became known as the Yorkshire Herald Building.
1789	Anne Ward's son-in-law, George Peacock, took over the York Courant.
1790	In January Wilson, Spence & Mawman started printing the York Herald & County Advertiser. Mawman eventually becomes sole proprietor.
	October 9: The following advertisement was in the York Herald, refering "no doubt" to the giving up of his ferry duties by Edward Bowling, Tom Bowling's father: "Mr Ellis begs to inform merchants and tradesmen of this city, and the public in general, that he has taken the Old Crane, late in the possession of Mr Edward Bowling, and requests they will oblige him with their favours." The advertisement goes on with references to the shipping of goods, etc, into vessels in which Tom Bowling's father had been engaged, besides keeping the ferry. Tom was brought up amongst the shipping and watermen on the banks of the Ouse at York, until he was thirteen or fourteen years of age, when, with the permission of his father, he was taken by Captain John Maude, RN, of Holgate, York and placed him on the quarter-deck of his own ship, which was equivalent to creating him a naval officer. Tom Bowling, according to Captain Maude's memoranda, had "one of the sweetest and manliest voices for singing ever heard in the service" and, as Dibdin puts it, "he'd sing so blithe and jolly." In 1783, when the revolutionary war broke out, Captain Maude commissioned the Leopard, 50-gun ship, and took on board with him his nephew, Mr WG Maude, and placed him under Tom Bowling to learn navigation and seamanship. When in port Tom was often seen at the sign of the Blue Posts in Portsmouth, where he met many gentlemen at carousal, and among the number was Mr Charles Dibdin, the poet and musician. After considerable service, Captain Maude left the Leopard and lost sight of Tom Bowling. After this Tom saw a good deal of service, and eventually was commissioned a lieutenant. The next time he was heard of he was in command of a gun-brig. In the years 1797-8 "Death had broached him to," and his friend and former pupil, himself now Captain WG Maude, was present at his death in Haslar Hospitalm near Portsmouth, and in due time he placed decently the "sheer hulk" of poor Tom Bowling "under hatches" in Stoke Churchyard, and erected a monument to his memory, which inscription mentions his native city - York. Captain WG Maude was also a friend of Dibdin, and was frequently in his company and always asserted that the poet wrote "Tom Bowling, or the Sailor's Epitaph" on the death of their mutual friend. Lieutenant Thomas Bowling, RN. The following is a copy of the song:- Here, a sheer hulk, lies poor Tom Bowling, The darling of our crew; No more he'll hear the tempest howling, For death has broach'd him to. His form was of the manliest beauty, His heart was kind and soft; Faithful below he did his duty, And now he's gone aloft. Tom never from his word departed, His virtues were so rare; His friends were many and true-hearted, His Poll was kind and fair; And then he'd sing so blithe and jolly, Ah! many's the time and oft - But mirth is turned to melancholy, For Tom is gone aloft. Yet shall poor Tom find pleasant weather, When He who all commands Shall give to call life's crew together The word to pipe all hands; Thus Death, who kings and tars dispatches, In vain Tom's life hath doffed, For tho' his body's under hatches, His soul is gone aloft.
1793	November 11: birth of Joseph Terry, apothecary and later confectioner. The business was taken over by his sons, led by the middle son who was also called Joseph Terry, after his death.
	A 77 year old man from near Sheffield was executed for having carnal relations with an ass. He was described as being "simple," frequently suffering beatings from his wife and eldest son. There was much outcry about the payment of 'blood money' to the two witnesses in the case, with many people believing that the old man was innocent.
1799	Alexander Bartholoman took over the York Herald & County Advertiser.
1800	cMarch 10: birth of George Hudson, The Railway King, who aimed to "mak all t'railways come t'York" and probably had more influence on the development of York than anyone since Alcuin. He was later disgraced due to "questionable financial dealings." The statue of George Leeman near York Station is allegedly Hudson's body with Leeman's head attached. He was also a Councillor, Alderman, Member of Parliament and Lord Mayor three times. Dickens said of him "I disavow any allegiance to the 'Railway King', the Giant Humbug of this time, and not a pleasant illustration of our English Virtues." Dickens had worked in York at the railway offices, basing the character of Mr Micawber on someone he met there, one Richard Chicken.
1801	Last person hanged at York Tyburn. The gallows stood unused for a further 11 years before being dismantled.
1802	The New Drop, behind what is now the York Castle Museum, was first used for executions. The executioner was John Curry, who had been appointed in the summer.
1803	October 26: birth of Joseph Hansom, architect and inventor born in York at a house in Micklegate (now the Brigantes public house), most famous for inventing the Hansom Cab and founding the eminent architectural magazine The Builder. Responsible for Birmingham Town Hall, various churches (mainly Roman Catholic) of which London's St Mary's Priory in Fulham Road (built 1876) is an example, and the museum building in Leicester - formerly a Baptist church.
1807	In Halifax a man sold his wife and "stock in trade" for five guineas, handing her over in the traditional manner to her "new husband" - in a halter.
1809	Mary Bateman, the Yorkshire Witch, was executed at York.
	Caesar Peacock, George Peacock’s son, took over the York Courant.
1811	The York Herald & County Advertiser, over the next two years, passed through the hands of several owners.
1813	March 15: birth of John Snow in a house in North Street, York. He was a physician who correctly calculated doses of ether and cholorform to use as anaesthetics, and is known as one fo the fathers of epidemiology after he rightly attributed the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho in 1854 to infected water supplied.
	In July Hargrove, Gawthorp & Cobb took over the York Herald & County Advertiser, moving it to Pavement, opposite All Saints’ Church.
1815	William Hargrove took over the York Courant.
1816	The Waterloo steam packet ran from York.
1819	On April 29 John Wolstenholme started printing the Yorkshire Gazette from his print works on Pavement.

1820-1830	GEORGE IV HOUSE OF HANOVER
1828	Birth of Sir Joseph Terry, second son of Joseph Terry (see 1793), he became the founder of Joseph Terry & Sons Ltd and was four times Lord Mayor of York.
	Henry Bellaby took over the Yorkshire Gazette.

1830-1837	WILLIAM IV HOUSE OF HANOVER
1832	Bootham Bar, and the stretch of Bar Walls from here to Robin Hood Tower, were saved from with demolition, with the exception of Bootham's barbican. The public campaign to save them enlisted the support of William Etty, who is now credited with saving them: hence why his statue faces Bootham Bar, and a scale replica of it is behind him on his plinth outside York City Art Gallery.
	June: the first cholera outbreak starts in York, part of the second pandemic of cholera. The first known victim was a ferryman, who was believed to have infected those around where he lived in Beedham's Court in 'Hagworm's Nest,' the local name for the Skeldergate area, the source of several outbreaks of contagious diseases. He'd crossed the river to the Water Lanes, where he infected the landlord of The Anchor, the landlord's family and a chambermaid. The ferryman, who survived his attack of cholera, also visited his uncle in the Water Lanes, who lived next door to a lodging house. When the staff and guests became ill, the next people to be infected were the nurses and people doing the laundry for the lodging house. The ferryman had conveyed a group of vagrants who had come to York for the races, travelling from Hull, where cholera had already had broken out. They stayed at a lodging house in Swan Street, where one of them sharing a bed with a young woman: she was the next victim. Her family came to York for her funeral, returning to their home in Malton with her clothing - and cholera, starting the outbreak there. Next it spread to Shambles, probably from a close-stool (commode) lent by the first family to contract it there to the landlord of The Anchor. The close-stool was so dirty, that after an initial attempt to clean it, the family threw it in the river, where the city's water supply came from. By this time the disease had the city in its grip, and people were appointed to knock on everybody's door every other day to ask whether the inhabitants were infected. The citizens were still drawing their water from the numerous wells in the city, or from the river, just below a large sewage outfall pipe. The Board of Health, consisting of clergymen, magistrates, medical men and "gentlemen," rejected the use of the moats and ramparts as a cholera burial ground starting a lengthy argument about where they were to be buried, made worse by banning church services for those that had died of cholera. The service had to be performed in the graveyard, with a few exceptions. The family of one victim forced their way in to St Michael's Church and demanded a normal service, after they threatened the churchwardens with violence the young clergymen there was afraid to turn them down. This was not an isolated incident. They also ordered that all burials had to take place within 12 hours of death, and the bodies had to be buried at least one foot below the surface. The overcrowded churchyards in some parishes caused a problem, and so the suggestion was made that the moats be cleared out and the bodies buried in them. There was a worry that this clearing would release malaria in the miasma - it was still believed that disease was airborne in foul-smelling air. It wasn't until 1854 that John Snow, who was born and bred in York, realised that a London outbreak of cholera was caused by infected water, changing the way we viewed epidemics. Eventually, after much argument, it was agreed that the ditches and moats be cleared and cleaned with quicklime (calcium oxide), as were the roads especially in areas known to have cholera outbreaks: Aldwark, Bedern, Bootham, Castlegate, Castlemills, Coppergate, Cross Alley, Friargate, Goodramgate, Gillygate, Grape Lane, Garden Place, all of Hagworm's Nest, Hotham's Lane, Hungate, Holgate, Jubbergate, Layerthorpe, Lendal, Little Blake Street, Long Close Lane, Muggy Peg Lane (now Finkle Street), Monkgate, Marygate, Minster Yard, North Street, Neutgate, Petergate, Paver Lane, Patrick Pool, Palmer Lane, Swan Street, Skeldergate, St Andrewgate, St Deny's Yard, St Saviourgate, Sweep Alley, Spurriergate, Shambles, Tower Street, Thursday Market (now St Sampson's Square), Trinity Lane, the Water Lanes, Walmgate and Wellington Row. Of these, only eight had working drains. Between arguments about burials, the Board supplied the money for food, clothing and blankets, and ordered Parochial Officers to check that all filth was removed from dwellings (this included "pigstyes, privies and soil-holes"), offering assistance to those unable to do it themselves. A portion of land between the old Dog Kennels and Thief Lane, just outside the city walls, was given over as a burial ground, and it still remains there today near York Station. The Archbishop of York waved the fee for the license, and the Dean of York Minster offered wood for the fence around it. By the time this was approved (June 12), nearly every house in the Water Lanes was infected - this ground only contains a portion of the people who died due to cholera, and not all of them died from the disease itself. Some of them will have died from 'cures', which included injecting sufferers with bullock's blood, Cold Water Treatment and whisky injections. The furore created in York at the Board of Health's reaction to the outbreak caused the Archbishop of York, Joseph Rowntree, Samuel Tuke and George Hudson, the Railway King, amongst others, to speak out. Hudson's disgust at the original offer of the land by the Corporation, for just 20 years, led him to campaign for a longer lease, the Archbishop and Rowntree backing his complaint. It was, weeks later, given over in perpetuity (no end date) to trustees on the understanding that it would never be disturbed. Only then would the Archbishop concerate the land. In just five months, out of a population of just over 25,000, there were 450 confirmed cases of cholera of which 185 died.
1833	Samuel Hey of Midgely sold his wife for ten shillings and "threw sixpence back for good luck."
1834	The Yorkshireman began printing at 39 Parliament Street.
1836	May 24: birth of Joseph Rowntree, grocer and founder of the great confectionery firm of Rowntree's. He was one of the most important modern benefactors of York and introduced a works' doctor and dentist, a widows' benefit fund and one week's paid holiday per year.
	Henry Bellaby took over the York Chronicle.

1837-1901	VICTORIA HOUSE OF HANOVER
1839	The York Courant became a weekly as part of the Yorkshire Gazette.
1842	Last mail coach from London to York.
1848	Work was started on St George's Church, Peel Street. It was designed by Joseph Hansom and was for the immigrant Irish Catholic population of the Walmgate area.
	The York Courant became part of York Herald & County Advertiser.
1849	PC Whitwell was fined a shilling a week for ten weeks for the twin offences of drinking on duty and “having indecent intercourse with prostitute Isabella Ogram in a passage in Castlegate.”
	Death of William Etty (see 1787).
1852	When Ann Sharpe was sentenced to seven years transportation in 1852 for prostitution, she said to the judge: “thank thee, thou old bugger. I hope thou’ll sit there till I come back and I’ll bring thee a long tailed monkey to play with.”
	J Lancelot Fisher took over the Yorkshire Gazette.
1856	January 13: birth of Henrietta Eliza Stannard (nee Vaughan Palmer) at 21 Trinity Lane, Micklegate, York on January 13. She was the only daughter of the Reverend H Vaughan Palmer who was, at one time, rector of St Margaret's Church, Walmgate. She was a writer whose books were popular in late Victorian and Edwardian days, when she wrote under the pen-name of John Strange Winter, mainly books with a military slant. In 1885 she wrote Bootle's Baby, the book which made her name, selling two million copies within ten years of its publication.
1858	The Yorkshireman became part of York Herald & County Advertiser.
	The York Herald & County Advertiser went weekly.
	Death of John Snow (see 1813 and 1832).
1860	The York Advertiser began printing.
1869	The York Telegraph began printing.
1871	July 7: birth of Benjamin Seebohn Rowntree, son of Joseph Rowntree. He became deeply concerned in alleviating the distress of the poor, introducing major improvements into the working lives of Rowntree factory employees. He wrote many papers on the subject of the poor, paving the way for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
	The York Telegraph became part of the York Advertiser.
1874	The York Herald went daily on January 1.
	The York Herald & County Advertiser became the York Herald Newspaper Company Limited.
1877	The York Advertiser became part of York Herald Newspaper Company Limited.
	Victoria Bar added to the Bar Walls.
1878	Death of Joseph Hansom (see 1803).
1882	On October 2 York Herald Newspaper Company Limited starting printing the Yorkshire Evening Press.
1883	North & East Yorkshire Conservative & Printing Company Limited took over the Yorkshire Gazette.
1884	A York brickmaker sold his wife at the Black Swan Inn, over a glass of ale, for 1s 6d.
	On May 14 The Yorkshire Gazette goes daily.
1885	A second York Chronicle was founded.
	In March, The Yorkshire Gazette went back to being a weekly.
1889	The second York Chronicle started printing.
1890	To mark the centenary of its printing, the York Herald changed its name to The Yorkshire Herald.
1893	The second York Chronicle stopped printing on January 7.
1895	Skating was possible on the Ouse, as shown in a photograph taken at the time, which has been reprinted many times (often with the wrong year on it). From the beginning of the year until March, without a break, the river had frozen over, with there being only three days without ground frost from December 27 1894, up to the beginning of March: "There was a 'grand surface' on the three-and-a-quarter-mile stretch of river between Linton Lock and Aldwark Bridge, and skating was possible, except for a few slight breaks, as far as Ripon. When the ice on the Foss near the gasworks was first broken by barges in March it was found to be six inches thick."
1898	The Yorkshire Gazette became the Yorkshire Gazette Ltd.
1899	A columnist in the Yorkshire Evening Press believed that "Considering how mean men can be, they deserve credit for being as good as they are." They also thought that "If a man could enjoy laughing at himself, he would find plenty of amusement."
1900	The Yorkshire Evening Press offered the following words of wisdom: "Simplify life and be happy. Stop and think how little you need to really enjoy life, instead of how much. And begin now to buy only what you need, as either useful or ornamental in your home; only what you need to be well dressed and always presentable on all occasions; and only what you need to keep your appetite appeased and your system replenished. Once you adopt this rule you will not only be relieved of an enormous load of worry, but you will find your house, your wardrobe, your bank account and your health are bettered by it."

1901-1910	EDWARD VII HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURG & GOTHA
1903	The vicar of Holy Trinity, York had written to the York Diocesan Gazette asking for information respecting a certain Saint. His curiosity had been being aroused by the discovery of a will, dated 1522, of a certain Katharine Smith, who bequeathed to her parish church, Holy Trinity, Micklegate, York, "a pound and a half of wax to be maid in iii Kandeles, one to be burne a fore the trinite, aother to burne before Saynte Sunday, the iii before Saint Katerine." The vicar had hoped that his query might have been made known to some antiquary living in the Lake District, who might have gone into the question in connexion with St Sunday's Crag. He had wondered, if it wasn't thought too fanciful, if the name came from the Latin word for Sunday being Dominica, and in medieval times a play was upon the word, St Dominic being sometimes spoken in English as St Sunday. If so, then the 'images' and 'pictures' in our parish churches, were representations of the founder of the order of Friars Preachers. This theory was supported by the Comte de Mas Latrie, who, in his Tresor de Chronologie says "S Dimanche, le meme que S Dominique."
1904	January 20: a Pensioner of the Royal Field Artillery died in the Red Lion, Merchantgate.
	April: Columnist Northern Gossip, in the Yorkshire Evening Press, in light of the drowning of a young girl in the River Ouse near North Street called for the return  of the police officer known as the River Guard. He thought that "We are altogether - what with school teachers being summoned for "assault" - too mealy mouthed with regard to correcting children" and that a switch "has a marvellous moral influence." The River Guard's job was to use such a cane to clear youngsters from the dangerous spots on the river bank.
	April: A "sea eagle or osprey" was reported to have been seen off Saltburn. One hadn't been caught off the Yorkshire coast since 1831, which was killed after it pinned the cabin boy of a brig to the deck. It was, like the recently seen one of "the giant order," and ended its life in the possession of Mr William Tindall, of the famous Yorkshire ship-builders and owners. The Yorkshire Evening Press warned that if this new visitor to the coast didn't leave soon, it too would "find itself inside a glass case, for the news has put quite a number of bird and gun men on its track."
	April: The Yorkshire Evening Press printed a sketch of "York's Remarkable New Building," namely the new Elect Cocoa Block on Haxby Road, built for Messrs Rowntree. It would be the first large structure built in England "to use the American principle." The inner-core of steel framework would make it one of the strongest and most rigid buildings in the country.
	April: A red and white heifer, being driven from York Market to a butcher's shop at Micklegate Bar enlivened an afternoon when it escaped from its driver. The cow set off down Fishergate, Piccadilly, then on to Walmgate and in to Fossgate, where it sought sanctuary in Messers Slater's provision shop, smashing the glass door as it charged in. The counter assistant fled in to the back room, leaving the heifer in the shop were it smashed a considerable amount of crockery. It was eventually driven out with the assistance of PC Covill and some bystanders, but rather than being caught it set off on the rampage again, this time trying to gain access to Mr Whitehead's shop on Foss Bridge, in the process "taking two unoffending foot passengers from behind tossed them off their feet." Next, it headed out Walmgate towards Hull Road, scattering pedestrians in its path, knocking over one woman carrying a pitcher of water, as well as two small boys, before the heifer finally found her driver again. Possibly recognising him, the cow made a determined charge at him, using her horns to assist his passage over a wall. The heifer did not have a happy ending to her escapades: driven to a field near Tang Hall Lane, to prevent a "second reign of terror" she was slaughtered.
	The following was printed in the Yorkshire Evening Press by a columnist, concerning a resident of Hungate: I have been deeply interested and touched by the receipt of the following pathetic letter from “A Working Man’s Wife,” with the tragic extract from her daily diary. The communication is an object lesson in the pathos of humble life, and of the grim struggle that goes on in thousands of homes, from which never a wail or a complaint proceeds. These noble ones are too proud to cry out. Like a working man’s wife they prefer to suffer. But oh, the pity of it, and the heart anguish:- "In your Northern Gossip of February 2nd about hospitals, your thoughtful, heartfelt remarks about the poor being proud, shows me that you have seen much or you could not have written such true words. I have received much benefit from the hospital. It took me months to make up my mind to take charity. I wish I could write my thoughts and feelings - the hours I have spent in the waiting room; how many times I went and sat until my turn came and then I had no courage to see the doctor, who was kindness itself. I would miss my turn and wait until I was the last, and then come home and go to bed for hours, for I always felt as if my heart would burst. How I envied those people who laughed and talked and thought it would be their turn next, and seemed to go away with a light heart." The paper then included extracts of her diary: January No work: 16s for expenses. 17 - No work yet; 15s for expenses. 24 - No work: 16s for expenses; pay milk man 2s 4d, coals and flour 3s 11d, 3 lbs pie meat 1s; 2 yds flannel 1s 6d; shoes 6 1/2d; tea 4d; sugar 6d; cocoa 5 1/2d; potatoes, butter and lard 1s 9d; feeding bottle 4 1/2d; suet 2d; oatmeal 2d; yeast 1d; pearl barley 2s; peas 2d. 31 - No work. What shall I do? Feb 2 Rent due; water rate due. 5 - Poverty you are no sin, but you make sin. 6 - Insurance due; baby poorly. 7 - No work; 16s 6d for expenses. Not enough for soul and body. 8 - In bed all day. I think this strain will send me mad. Thank God, my neighbours do not know how proud and poor I am. 14 - No work yet, and all want new boots. Genteel poverty, how you pinch me. Golden cord of virtue may I never break you. 26 - Two months’ rent due; doctor bill and milk bill. Shall I ever get out of debt? 27 - Pride, you are my guardian angel or I should fall. March 7 Paid the month’s rent; poor rates due; owe 8s for milk. 28 - Pay milkman. April 17 Bought my boots. May 1 - Baby’s first tooth. 2 - Pay doctor’s bill, £1 2s. 7 - Taxed to the uttermost. Borrowed 5s of J. What shall I do? Penniless half the week. Not more than others I deserve, yet God has given them more. "You will read from this how poor and proud I am."
	A correspondent sent a rhymed explanation to the local paper of the Yorkshireman’s coat-of-arms, which has for its subscription "Tak’ hod an’ sup, lad," and is the sign of The Black Swan in York. The rhyme was "A Flea, a Fly, a Magpie, an’ Bacon Flitch; Is t’Yorkshireman’s coit-of-arms; An’ t’reasons they’ve chossen these things so rich; Is becoss they hev all speshal charms; A flea will bite whoivver it can; An’ soa, my lads, will a Yorkshireman. A fly will sup with Dick, Tom, or Dan; An’ soa, by Gow! will a Yorkshireman. A magpie can talk for a terrible span, An’ soa, an’ all, can a Yorkshireman. A flitch is no good whol it’s hung, ye’ll agree, No more is a Yorkshireman, don’t ye see!"
	"A valuable hunter belonging to Mr Durlacher of Thorpe-Satchmiller, Leicester, got its hind foot securely fixed in its mouth and fell heavily to the ground. A veterinary surgeon had to be summoned before the animal could be released."
	At a village church to the south of the county, there was no sign of the dispute between the choir and congregation being settled. The choir objected to the congregation taking part in the singing, and the result was that the congregation sing loudly to drown the choir, and the hymns have been rendered without any regard to time or tune. At both services on Sunday the singing was far from harmonious, the congregation generally being a good deal in front of the choir, which was not a large one. Many visited the church just out of curiosity expecting disturbances to take place, but no slip other than musical happened. In an interview, the incumbent said the choir were not responsible for the present unhappy state of affairs, and that he considered them blameless in the matter. The majority of local public opinion was, however, on the side of the congregation. The following verse had been written in regard to the situation: "At St Aidan's the people and the choir, Seem to have an unholy desoir; The music to slaughter, They give it no quaughter; The result is the fat's in the foir!"
	According to a London writer, Mr Frederic Harrison, the remains of Oliver Cromwell would seem to be buried not in Kent but in Yorkshire. The true guardian of the Great Protector's remains is Sir George Wombwell, one of the last survivors of the 'Death or Glory Boys" who rode in the Balaclava Charge, and descendant of Lady Fauconbridge, Cromwell's daughter. Walled up in his famous old home, Newburgh Priory, in a sarcophagus hidden in a dark staircase is all that is left of Cromwell. The story is that she secured the body of her father at the Restoration, and had it secretly conveyed to her home, and buried it in Newburgh Priory, which "is the finest Cromwell Museum in England."
	An 18 year old remand prisoner, Rhoda Laikin, was taken to York City Police Court charged with "wandering abroad, not having any visible means of subsistence." The court missionary, Mrs Horner, had tried reasoning with the girl but couldn't help her. The Chief Constable thought that the number of girls who "went after soldiers" were too numerous, and he intended on putting special watches on to keep these girls from the streets. Laikin had arranged to meet a soldier at Wakefield prison, and to laughter the Chief Constable announced that it would "be the best thing to send her to Wakefield prison so that they could come out together." She received 14 days with hard labour.
	One of the oldest and "best managed" village burial clubs was, according to a columnist in the Yorkshire Evening Press, was the Cayton one which "goes back practically out of memory." On Whit Monday, for generations they always performed the same rite: with pipe, tabor, drum and cymbal playing they would link fingers and wend their way to the parish church, returning to the inn for "a sumptuous spread, and thence to the green for gambols."
	Mark Wilson, a 67 year old plasterer's labourer, was summoned by his wife for neglecting to maintain her. They had been married for ten years, but had only lived together for 14 weeks. Wilson had always had a home, and claimed he wasn't guilty of wilful neglect, and would take his wife back however she declined the offer. The Bench could not make an order against him as he had offered to provide a home and support, but the wife still preferred to be supported by the Union: she would either have ended up living rough and claiming "outdoor relief" (money), or in a poor house. No reason was given for her refusal to live with her husband, however the Mayor, who was presiding over the case, said that she was one of many who preferred that to living with their husbands.
	At the start of May, the Queensbury (the old Scarborough lifeboat) was sold to a new owner who wouldn't state his purpose in buying it, although he did plan to navigate it without any assistance. A few days after he set sail the weather had turned to storms, and the skipper of the Florence Heneage of Grimsby said that he had seen a lifeboat during that time, with one occupant, showing signs of distress. The skipper tried to come alongside the lifeboat, at which point the lone sailor tried to jump between vessels, but missed his landing and was swept away before anybody could rescue him. A few days later, stories were reported in the local paper of the old lifeboat being disliked by former crews, and "when she was stove in the Society would not trouble to repair her." She "never drowned a man" and there was nothing physically wrong with the Queensbury, but the crew were never comfortable on her and expected one day she would claim a life. A columnist in the paper stated that "boats have whims and fancies, half concealed dispositions which, like those of women, are not to be accounted for, but they are none the less real." A similar case had happened in Whitby, when a lifeboat had been distrusted from the outset: she had replaced The Fisherman's Friend, a much loved boat, which was brought back in to service after the new boat went down with all hands excepting "her gallant coxswain" Dick Freeman.
	Reported in the local paper was a "disgraceful wedding scene" from a Whitsuntide wedding at the Worcester Baptist Church. The bridegroom was a widower, with grown up sons who resented him re-marrying. After the ceremony, the bridge and groom were attacked whilst still in the church, including tearing the flowers from the bride's dress. Mourning cards were thrown into the carriage, and instead of an old boot being nailed to the back of it for good luck, a pair of the groom's trousers adorned it instead.
1905	York historian William Camidge recalled in the Evening Press of the last sale of a wife by public auction in York 60 years or so previously: "The lady being knocked down - halter and all - by Mr W Butler, the auctioneer, for 7s 6d. Thirty four years ago, added Mr Camidge, a gentleman came to him and told him he was likely to lose a fortune by not being able to explain how a certain woman came to be living in a particular house with a certain man. "I remember the circumstances of the sale well," added Mr Camidge, "and was able to give him the information and save his fortune for him"."
	A resident of Goodramgate complained in the letters column of the local paper after the scaffolds were completed for the carrying out of what he described as the "projected vandalism on the north side of York Minster." He referred to the pinnacles which it was proposed to add to the buttresses on the Deanery side of the Nave. "At present these buttresses," the resident continued, "only extend to the roof of the Nave aisle, and the intention is, I believe, to finish them with ornamental pinnacles and to connect these with the clerestory wall by means of flying buttresses. One can sympathise with that reverent spirit which has so lovingly prompted such restorations as have been carried out at Holy Trinity Church, Micklegate. This particular project I refer to, however, cannot be called a restoration, it is simply a complete innovation. Nothing of the sort was ever intended by the Minster builders. The plain severity of the north side is the result of design, and illustrates in an unique manner the Gothic spirit. That spirit, which was at once so reverend and so grotesque, which first developed to its utmost capabilities the pointed arch, and which reared the stately fanes of York and Westminster. Not only will they be useless, but they will detract from the simple beauty of the north side of the Minster. The lover of the architecture can hardly look upon our glorious Minster from Bootham Walls without experiencing what Wordsworth has called "a feeling of pleasure." The outline presented by the roof of the north transept and the nave, crowned with that most prefect central tower, is at once an expression of the highest art and the religious aspirations of the people who built the Minster. It is prefect in itself, and, on analysis, its perfectness is found to be largely due to the fact that no pinnacles obtrude themselves between the observer and the simplicity of the clerestory windows. Any attempt to interfere with this can only be deeply deprecated by anyone who has any pride in the building which is the chief glory of old York. It is time that the Dean and Chapter were given to understand that they are only the guardians, and not the proprietors of the Minster."
	North of England Newspaper Company Limited took over The Yorkshire Gazette Ltd. They eventually become Westminster Press.
1907	February 21: birth of Wystan Hugh Auden, who lived in a house on Bootham, York. Wrote amongst others Night Mail, Funeral Blues ("stop all the clocks", from Four Weddings and A Funeral) and September 1, 1939 (quoted in relation to September 11).

1910-1936	GEORGE V HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURG & GOTHA changing to HOUSE OF WINDSOR in 1917
1917	March 6: birth of Frankie Howerd OBE, at York's City Hospital; he lived during his early years at 53 Hartoft Street (Fishergate/Fulford Road area).
1933	November 3: birth of John Barry, Oscar-winning Hollywood composer of many blockbuster movies, in York. He lived with his showbusiness family, the theatre-owning Prendergasts, in Hull Road until he was 14 when the family moved to what is now The Pavilion Hotel, Fulford. Composed 12 of the 19 soundtracks for the Bond films, also Zulu, Born Free, Midnight Cowboy and Dances with Wolves amongst others. In May 2001 John Barry was admitted to the Ivor Novello Fellowship, and in 2001 received an honorary Doctorate from the University of York.
1934	December 9: birth of Dame Judi Dench (Judith Olivia Dench), oscar-winning actress, educated in York at The Mount School, before she became an actress and director. She has been the patron of York Against Cancer, East and North Yorkshire Badger Protection Group and York Invicta Appeal. On stage and screen she's been Cleopatra, Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth (more than once), Iris Murdoch and M amongst many others. She was in A Fine Romance with her late husband Michael Williams. She was voted as York Personality of the Millennium by readers of The Press, the local newspaper.

1936	EDWARD VIII HOUSE OF WINDSOR

1936-1952	GEORGE VI HOUSE OF WINDSOR
1945	The Yorkshire Herald became part of the Kemsley group of newspapers.

1953-	ELIZABETH II HOUSE OF WINDSOR
1953	"Three months ago a British woman died – for the United Nations; but in the files of the British Government, she will always remain “Miss X (deceased).” "The part she played in the Korean war was small, but it cost her life, and saved the lives of many United Nations troops who were advancing towards the 38th Parallel. "Air Ministry chiefs had discovered that 20 millimetre shells, manufactured between two and three years ago and stored in RAF ammunition dumps, had deteriorated to such an extent that they had become dangerous to move. "It was decided that the design of the shell should be revised, in order to overcome the effects of storage. It was at the North Country Royal Ordnance factory in which Miss X was employed that experts decided to inspect and test the new shell. "Miss X was instructed to take part in the secret test. Owing to a defect, there was an explosion during the test, and Miss X was killed. As a result, the design of the shell was again amended and satisfactory supplies were sent to aircraft operating in the Korean campaign. "What happened about Miss X? An inquest was held and a verdict of accidental death was returned. "At the inquest the full story had to withheld for security reasons. Relatives will now learn for the first time why Miss X died." Printed in the local paper, re-told here in tribute to Miss X.
	The Yorkshire Herald became part of Westminster Press, later Pearson.
1954	The Yorkshire Gazette Ltd became part of Yorkshire Herald, forming the Yorkshire Gazette & Herald.
1959	It became legal to not celebrate the date of Guy Fawkes arrest.
1971	Stonegate became pedestrianised.
1980	A farmer from Crambe claimed that he could tell geese from ganders by shaking them. "You turn them upside down and rattle them," he said, explaining his sex-defining techniques.
	During work on an extension on the Kilma Hotel in Holgate Road, a former rectory built c1869, the skeleton of a young Roman male was unearthed at the back.
1983	On January 17, the first Selby edition of The Evening Press was printed.
1986	The last 'Pink Press' (Saturday sports edition of The Evening Press) was printed.
	On March 27, the first York Star was printed by York & County Press.
1989	On July 8, the last edition of The Evening Press, The Gazette & Herald and the York Star were printed at Coney Street, as York & County Press moved to a purpose built print works in Walmgate.
1992	Death of Frankie Howerd (see 1917).
1996	York & County Press became part of Newsquest, and the Yorkshire Evening Press dropped the 'Yorkshire'.
1999	The York & Wetherby Advertiser becomes part of York & County Press.
2006	A York resident told the Turpin's Diary columnist of The Evening Press what her grandmother used to tell her about Dick Turpin when she was a child: "Gran said that Dick Turpin's horse was buried alongside him in St George's churchyard. And if you ran around the grave six times at midnight it would rise out of the ground and chase you!" (See also 1739).
2011	January 30: death of John Barry (see also 1933).

Researched from The Yorkshire Evening Press (under its various names over the years), Charles Knight's A History of the City of York, The Criminal Chronolgy of York Castle with a Register of Criminals Capitally Convicted at the County Assizes March 1st 1379 to 1867, York City Archives, York Reference Library, Yorkshire Notes & Queries, The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in York (Margaret C Barnet, 1972, ), Imagine York, The Lost Pubs Project and Martin Lacy.

The Streets of York

Rachel Lacy's latest ambitious project is built up of information found during her research. If you can add to this, or have any corrections (nobody's perfect!), then please let us know via e-mail.

Streets are listed alphabetically, followed by the name meaning if known.
They are then listed by current numbers: if re-numbered, which in York is highly likely, then the old number will be in brackets; then by known occupants in date order (year included if known).

ALDWARK
65	1893: Duke's Head (pub)

BARBICAN ROAD
	1893: Spotted Cow (pub)

BLAKE STREET
5	1893: Half Moon McDonald's

BLOSSOM STREET
34	1893: Lion & Lamb

BOOTHAM SQUARE
	1893: Queen's Head (pub)

CHURCH STREET
	1893: The Talbot (pub)
6	1893: Ebor Vaults (pub)

CONEY STREET
47	1893: The Leopard (pub)

COPPERGATE	STREET OF THE COOPERS or TURNERS
27	1893: The Barleycorn (pub)

DAVYGATE
18	1893: Wheatsheaf (pub)
24	1893: London Hotel

EXHIBITION SQUARE
Demolished when the square was created	pre-1870s: Bird in Hand (pub)

FAWCETT STREET
	1893: Cattle Market Inn
	1893: Glassmakers Arms (pub)

FEASEGATE
2	1893: King's Head (pub)

FETTER LANE
	1893: King William IV (pub)

FOSSGATE
44	1893: Queen's Head (pub)
Wesley Place	1893: Square & Compass (pub)

GEORGE HUDSON STREET	NAMED AFTER 'THE RAILWAY KING' GEORGE HUDSON, BRIEFLY RENAMED RAILWAY STREET WHEN HE WAS DISGRACED
1	1893: Adelphi Hotel
2	1893: Adelphi Hotel

GEORGE STREET
24	Newcastle Arms
75	2008: Phoenix (pub) shuts 2009: Phoenix (pub) reopens

GILLYGATE	NAMED AFTER THE NOW-DEMOLISHED ST GILES' CHURCH
48	Waggon & Horses (pub) The Gillygate Hotel
54	The Bay Horse (pub) 2003: Certificate 18 (pub) The Speakeasy (pub) Stereo (pub)

HAYMARKET	SITE OF THE FORMER HAYMARKET
	1893: Haymarket (pub)

HUNGATE
	1893: The Wheatsheaf (pub)
31	1893: The Sportsman (pub)
Palmer Lane	1893: Bricklayers Arms (pub)

JEWBURY
	1893: Half Moon (pub)

JUBBERGATE
(2)	1893: Coach & Horses (pub)

KING'S SQUARE
2 King's Court	1893: Old Turk's Head (pub)

KING STREET
	1893: The Ship (pub)

LAYERTHORPE
6	1893: John Bull (pub) 2004: John Bull (pub) shuts
(87)	1893: Frog Hall (pub) 2002: Frog Hall (pub) shuts 2002: Peejay (pet shop) 2010: Peejay (pet shop) shuts

LONG CLOSE LANE	FORMERLY NOWT GATE LANE (NOWT IS AN OLD YORKSHIRE WORD FOR CATTLE)
73	1893: Square & Compass (pub)

MARKET STREET	LED UP TO THE FORMER MARKET
16	1893: Burns Hotel
34	1893: Alexandra Inn

MICKLEGATE	'GREAT STREET'
(4)	1901: Queen's Hotel 1975: Queen's Hotel demolished
(6)	1910: John Marshall's saddlery and ironmongers
(8)	1910: William Jubb's cafe
(10)	1910: The Crown (pub) 1901: The Crown (pub)
(11)	1901: The Crown (pub)
(44)	1893: Coach & Horses (pub) 1901: Coach & Horses (pub)
47	Walker’s Bar W Bar The Artful Dodger (pub)
(51)	1893: Bare Foot (pub) 1901: Bare Foot (pub)
53	1983: Became Ziggy's (nightclub)
(53)	1901: Bar (pub)
55	1983: Became Ziggy's (nightclub)
(64)	1901: Red Lion (pub)
(90)	1893: Bell Inn 1901: Bell (pub)
94 (70)	1901: Falcon (pub) Rumours (pub)
(98)	1893: Neptune (pub) 1901: Pack Horse (pub)
100 (68b)	1901: Nag’s Head (pub)
103	Little Coach (pub) Phalanx & Firkin (pub) The Priory (pub)
127	Harry's Bar The Bedroom (pub) The Room (pub) Bohemia (club)
129	Bar Hotel Scruffy Murphy's (pub) Montey's Rock Cafe

MONKGATE	STREET OF THE MONKS (IT USED TO LEAD TOWARDS A MONASTERY OUT OF THE CITY CENTRE)
29	1893: Black Horse (the name is still etched in to a shield on the front of the building) Tap & Spile (pub)

NESSGATE
	1893: Star & Garter (pub)

NORTH STREET
11	1893: Yorkshire Hussar The Other Tap & Spile Yorkshire Hussar
15	1893: The Crown (pub)
18	1893: Fortunate Tar (pub)

OUSEGATE, LOW
12	1893: Queen's Head (pub)

PEASHOLME GREEN	NAMED AFTER THE PEA FIELDS THAT USED TO BE HERE
	1893: Leeds' Arms (pub)

PENLEY'S GROVE STREET
	The Reindeer (pub)

PETERGATE (LOW)
34	1893: Garrick's Head (pub)
52	1893: Londesborough Arms (pub)

QUEEN'S STAITH	FORMERLY TOPHAM'S STAITH
	1893: The Anchor (pub)

ST ANDREWGATE
25	1893: Turk's Head (pub)

ST SAMPSON'S SQUARE
13	1893: Hand & Heart (pub)
17	1893: The Exchange (pub)

SHAMBLES	NAMED AFTER THE FLESHAMMELS - THE LARGE WINDOW SILLS WHERE MEAT WAS DISPLAYED BY BUTCHERS
2	1893: Pack Horse (pub)
16	1893: Eagle & Child (pub)
27	1893: The Globe (pub)

SKELDERGATE	STREET OF THE SHIELD MAKERS
	1893: Elephant & Castle (pub)
Lady Anne Middleton's Hotel	Almshouses sold by the Charity Commission in 1973 to a then dentist in Beverley and his German-born wife for about £34,000.
12	1893: The Albert (pub)
52	Formerly a sawmill
54	Formerly Denman and Son Organ Factory, who supplied many local churches including St Michael-le-Belfrey.
55	The last occupant before it changed from being a house was Hans Hess, a German Jew who left in 1938, Hess. He became director of York City Art Gallery, director of the York Festival of the Arts from 1954 to 1966, and was known as a colourful local character. Amongst his guests at his house was Charlie Chaplin, the house later being known as Chaplin House.
69	1893: Pack Horse (pub)
77	1893: Prince of Wales (pub)

SPURRIERGATE
17	1893: Greyhound (pub) Beaverbrooks (jewellers)

STONEGATE
Star Yard	1893: Star Inn

SWINEGATE
	1893: Coach & Horses (pubs)

TANNER ROW	STREET OF THE TANNERY
	1893: Cricketers Arms (pub)
10	1893: The Unicorn (pub)
49	1893: The Lamb (pub)

TRINITY LANE
	Trinity House (pub)
7	1893: Jacob's Well (pub)

WALMGATE	WALBE'S STREET
Walmgate Bar	In late Victorian times it was inhabited by Mrs Elizabeth Cattle, who was more than 101 years old when she died. She moved to 95 Walmgate, but had been born in the gatehouse, the last of four generations to be born there. "She had a lively recollection of the return of the Scottish troops northward after the Battle of Waterloo and the peace which followed, and likewise the cholera visitation at York, when many lives were lost, and great distress prevailed. It was decided, by way of ascertaining which was the healthiest part of the city, to quarter a sheep and hang the quarters at the four Bars. She recollects her father hanging the quarter on Walmgate, and recalled with satisfactions that the quarter at Walmgate remained sound after other quarters had become putrescence, thus proving that Walmgate was the healthiest part of York."
Spotted Dog/St Peter's Vaults	One of York's vanished pubs, connected to Queen’s Head and Golden Fleece via their cellars (although this is quite possibly because they have utilised the old sewer system as cellars).
5	1893: Three Cups (pub)
9	1893: Black Horse (pub) 1893: The Moon (pub)
31	1893: Lord Nelson (pub)
37	1893: City Arms (pub)
49	1893: Ham & Firkin (pub)
72	1893: Black Bull (pub)
82	1893: Admiral Hawke (pub)
103	1893: Golden Barrel (pub)
142	1893: The Angel (pub)

Historical Research

Rachel Lacy has been researching York's history, and especially the ghost stories, for more than ten years, both professionally and for private research. Part of this research was in her role as Editorial Assistant on the local newspaper, The Press, where she first started her writing career as a music journalist in 1989.

She now undertakes York research projects for others be it family history, media research, ghost stories, building histories or just general historical research.

E-mail for a quote.